| Belangrijkste Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
|---|---|
| Opmerkingen | Inhabits shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850), also on cephalopods and fish (Ref. 26338). Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
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| Ondergrond | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
|---|---|
| Substraat Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1978 |
| Speciale habitats | |
| Speciale habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associaties | |
| Geassocieerd met | |
| Opmerkingen in verband met associaties | |
| Parasitisme |
| Voedingstype | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Type voeding Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
| Voedingsgewoonte | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Voedingsgewoonte Ref. |
| Estimation method | Origineel staal | Onbeviste populatie | Opmerking | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Op basis van dieetsamenstelling | 3.73 | 0.28 | 3.62 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
| Op basis van individuele voedselitems | 3.66 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Crabtree, R.E., C. Stevens, D. Snodgrass and F.J. Stengard, 1998 | ||||