Main Ref. | Bigelow, H.B., M.G. Bradbury, J.R. Dymond, J.R. Greeley, S.F. Hildebrand, G.W. Mead, R.R. Miller, L.R. Rivas, W.L. Schroeder, R.D. Suttkus and V.D. Vladykov, 1963 |
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Remarks | Feeds on bottom plants, insect larvae, small crustaceans and molluscs when in fresh water, while molluscs, annelid worms, crustaceans and small fishes such as sand lance are consumed in the sea (Ref. 59043). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Parasites of the species include Nitzschia sturionis(from gills of juveniles), Derogenes varicus, Truttaedacnitis sphaerocephala, Echinorhynchus gadi and Dichelesthium oblongum (Ref. 5951). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Bigelow, H.B., M.G. Bradbury, J.R. Dymond, J.R. Greeley, S.F. Hildebrand, G.W. Mead, R.R. Miller, L.R. Rivas, W.L. Schroeder, R.D. Suttkus and V.D. Vladykov, 1963 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Bigelow, H.B., M.G. Bradbury, J.R. Dymond, J.R. Greeley, S.F. Hildebrand, G.W. Mead, R.R. Miller, L.R. Rivas, W.L. Schroeder, R.D. Suttkus and V.D. Vladykov, 1963 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 3.38 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |